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Eurasian wren
The Eurasian wren (''Troglodytes troglodytes'') is a very small bird, and the only member of the wren family Troglodytidae found in Eurasia and Africa (Maghreb). In Anglophone Europe, it is commonly known simply as the wren. It was once lumped with ''Troglodytes hiemalis'' of eastern North America and ''Troglodytes pacificus'' of western North America as the winter wren. The Eurasian wren occurs in Europe, a belt of Asia from northern Iran and Afghanistan across to Japan. It is migratory in only the northern parts of its range. It is also highly polygynous, an unusual mating system for passerines.
The scientific name is taken from the Greek word "troglodytes" (from "trogle" a hole, and "dyein" to creep), meaning "cave-dweller", and refers to its habit of disappearing into cavities or crevices whilst hunting arthropods or to roost. The taxonomy of the genus ''Troglodytes'' is currently unresolved, as recent molecular studies have suggested that ''Cistothorus'' spp. and ''Thryorchilus'' spp. are within the clade currently defined by ''Troglodytes''.〔Rice, Nathan H; Peterson, A. Townsend; Escalona-Segura, Griselda (1999) "Phylogenetic Patterns in Montane ''Troglodytes'' Wrens" ''The Condor'', Vol. 101, No. 2 (May, 1999), pp. 446-451 (Abstract retrieved 20 November 2007 )〕〔Martínez Gómez, Juan E.; Barber, Bruian R.; Peterson, A. Townsend (2005): "Phylogenetic position and generic placement of the Socorro Wren (''Thryomanes sissonii'')". ''Auk'' 122(1): 50–56. (with Spanish abstract ) DOI:10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122()2.0.CO;2 (PDF text retrieved 20 November 2007 )〕
==Taxonomy==
Recent reviews of the ''Troglodytes'' genus have shown that winter wrens are the most distantly related of all species-group within ''Troglodytes'', and have shown that two other groups, the timberline wren (''Thryorchilus browni'') and the four species within the genus ''Cistothorus'', are within the clade defined by all of the ''Troglodytes''. To make ''Troglodytes'' monophyletic, Rice ''et al.'' (1999)〔 proposed that winter wrens could be placed in their own genus, ''Nannus''. Alternatively, as suggested by Gómez ''et al.'' (2005),〔 ''Troglodytes'' could be made more inclusive by including the current ''Thryorchilus'' and ''Cistothorus'' genera.
By studying the songs and genetics of individuals in an overlap zone between ''Troglodytes hiemalis'' and ''Troglodytes pacificus'', Toews and Irwin (2008) found strong evidence of reproductive isolation between the two. It was suggested that the ''pacificus'' subspecies be promoted to the species level designation ''Troglodytes pacificus'' with the common name 'Pacific wren'. By applying a molecular clock to the amount of mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence between the two, it was estimated that ''Troglodytes pacificus'' and ''Troglodytes troglodytes'' last shared a common ancestor approximately 4.3 million years ago, long before the glacial cycles of the Pleistocene, thought to have promoted speciation in many avian lineages inhabiting the boreal forest of North America.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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